Tuesday, August 31, 2010

動靜皆宜、雖有不同

問:「我這個人動靜皆宜」英文怎樣說?

答:「動」一般指「體力活動多」,英文可譯做 active或 physically active;「靜」則指「不多走動」,英文是 sedentary。 Sedentary本義是「坐着的」,例如:( 1) Those in sedentary occupations should take some exercise every day(案頭工作者,經常坐着,應每天都做些運動)。( 2) He is a sedentary person(他是個不好動的人)。「我這個人動靜皆宜」可譯做 I am one who enjoys both physical and sedentary activities或 An active lifestyle suits me as much as a sedentary one。

「鎮靜劑」英文是 sedative,和 sedentary同出一源。

問: As different as they were, they shared something in common這一句, as different as they were是什麼意思?

答:子句( clause)假如以「形容詞( adjective)/副詞( adverb)+ as」起句,那 as可解作「雖然」或「儘管」,等於 though,例如:( 1)( As) strange as/ strange though it may seem(= Though it may seem strange), he can't swim a stroke(說來似乎難以置信,但他完全不會游泳)。( 2) I won't recommend him for the post,( as) much as/ much though I like him(= Though I like him very much)(我雖然喜歡他,卻不會推薦他擔任這職位)。用兩個 as的寫法,多見於美式英文。

讀者說的那一句,意思等於 Though they were different, they shared something in common(他們雖然很不同,有一點卻是相同的)。

(古德明)

Monday, August 30, 2010

種人痘

It was to British author Lady Mary Montagu that Europe was first indebted for the introduction of inoculation against smallpox.

When Lady Mary was in Turkey, she discovered the local practice of inoculation against smallpox-- variolation. Unlike Jenner's later vaccination, which used cowpox, variolation used a small measure of smallpox itself. Perfectly satisfied of its efficacy, she had her three-year-old son inoculated in 1717.

On her return to London, she enthusiastically promoted the procedure, but encountered a great deal of resistance from the medical establishment because it was an"Oriental" practice and because of her gender. However, the British royal family had their own children inoculated. The nobility soon followed the example, and the practice gradually extended among all ranks, and to all Europe.

歐洲最初之有天花疫苗接種,得歸功於英國作家瑪麗.蒙塔古夫人。

蒙塔古夫人在土耳其的時候,發覺當地有「接種人痘」這種天花預防法。接種人痘,是直接使用小量的天花,和金納後來用牛痘接種不同。蒙塔古夫人發覺這種天花預防法十分有效,一七一七年,給她三歲的兒子接種了人痘。

她回到倫敦之後,大力提倡人痘接種,但受到英國醫學界強烈反對,原因一是這方法「來自東方」,二是提倡者並非男性。不過,英國皇家的孩子都接種了,不久,貴族家庭也都效法。人痘接種於是逐漸流傳各階層,以至全歐洲。
【附注】金納( 1749-1823)是英國醫生,發明牛痘接種法。蒙塔古夫人自己曾患天花,玉貌留瑕。

(古德明)

Sunday, August 29, 2010

報夫仇

Jane de Belleville was a French noblewoman. In 1343, when her husband, Oliver, was beheaded by the king of France on unauthenticated suspicion of treason, Jane sold off her estates, bought three warships, and took to the English Channel. She proceeded to hunt down French ships, and was utterly merciless with the crews of the ships she captured.

Jane also made several descents on Normandy, whose inhabitants saw this beautiful woman, with a sword in one hand and a torch in another, eyeing with pleasure all the horrors of her misplaced revenge.

In 1356, Jane retired from piracy to marry an English lieutenant. She eventually returned to France, and in 1359 died there, near the land she and her beloved Oliver had once owned.

簡.德貝勒維爾是個法國貴婦。一三四三年,她丈夫奧立佛在未能證實的叛國嫌疑下,被法王斬首。簡賣去所有房地產,買了三艘戰船,開往英倫海峽,專門掠奪法國船隻,對被俘虜的船員,手辣心狠。

簡還幾次襲擊諾曼第。當地居民見到這個美麗女郎一手執劍,一手持火把,望着找錯了對象的恐怖報復行為,沾沾自喜。

一三五六年,簡終止其海盜生涯,和英國一名上尉結婚。她後來回到法國,一三五九年,在她和她心愛的奧立佛一度擁有的土地附近,溘然去世。

【附注】 Descent的動詞是 descend,兩字都可解作「襲擊」。

(古德明)

Saturday, August 28, 2010

戒煙四年、十分樂意

問: It has been four years since I smoked一語,是不是說「我抽煙至今四年了」?

答:這一句應解作「我至今有四年沒吸煙了」。假如要說「我吸煙至今四年了」,英文可說 I have smoked for four years或 I started smoking/ I started to smoke four years ago。

留意 since所述的,是「自從某個時間以來」的事; for帶出的,是某事維持了多久的時間; ago則用來說過去某事距離現在多久。以下三句,都是說「我有五年沒聽到他的消息」,但 since、 for、 ago三字須配不同的動詞時式:( 1) It is/ It has been five years since I heard of him。( 2) I have not heard of him for five years。( 3) I last heard of him five years ago。

問: He was only too pleased to let them go一語,是說「他很樂意讓他們離去」還是「他高興得不讓他們離去」?

答: Only too和 too不同。 Too... to do something有「太過……以至不能做某事」的意思,「 only too+ happy、 ready等表示意願的形容詞+to do something」則是說「非常(樂意、願意等)做某事」,例如:( 1) He was too happy to go to bed(他高興得不能就寢)。( 2) He was only too happy to go to bed(他慶幸可以就寢了)。

Only too還可用在其他一些形容詞之前,有「十分」( very)的意思,一般帶惋惜含義,例如: The news is only too true(可惜這消息絕對是真的)。

(古德明)

Friday, August 27, 2010

五年經驗;結果會怎樣?

問: They should have about five years' experience in customer service(他們須有約五年服務顧客經驗)這一句, years之後的撇號( apostrophe)可以刪去嗎?

答:那 five years之後不加撇號,不是正式寫法,不宜仿效。要說有多少分鐘、小時、日、月、年等,英文習慣在 minute、 hour、 day、 month、 year等之後加撇號,否則宜改用其他寫法,例如 two hours' performance(兩小時表演)、 a day's rest(一天休息)、 three years' separation(一別三年)等,可改作 a two-hour performance/ a performance of two hours、 a one-day rest/ a rest of one day、 a three-year separation/ a separation of three years。讀者那一句,也可改作 They should have about five years of experience in customer service,不應寫作 about five years experience。

問: What will be the test result like?和 What will the test result be like?(測驗結果會怎樣?)這兩句哪一句正確?

答:英文問句,一般把輔助動詞( auxiliary verb)置於句子主詞( subject)之前,主要動詞則置於主詞之後,例如:( 1) What will he do?(他會怎麼辦?)( 2) Don't you know him?(你不認識他嗎?)讀者那一句, will是輔助動詞, be是主要動詞,句子當然應作 What will the test result be like?
有一點請留意:假如 be(即 is、 was等)是主要動詞,而不和 will、 can等輔助動詞連用,那麼,會像輔助動詞一樣,置於問句的主詞之前。請比較以下兩句:( 1) Is he there?(他在那裏嗎?)( 2) Will he be there?(他會在那裏嗎?)

Thursday, August 26, 2010

乒乓球大小、 to和 for

問: She got a blister the size of a table-tennis ball on her heel(她腳後跟有個乒乓球大小的水泡)一語,「 a+名詞」( a blister)之後怎麼會用「 the+名詞」( the size)?

答: Size和 age、 colour、 height、 length、 shape、 weight等字一樣,常用在 be(即 is、 was等)之後,說出句子主詞( subject)的大小、年齡、顏色、高度、長度、形狀、重量等,例如:( 1) He is only half my age(我年紀大他一倍)。( 2) Her skin is the colour of ivory(她皮膚的顏色有如象牙)。( 3) She got a blister which was the size of a table-tennis ball。第三句 which was二字,由於用在兩個沒有逗點相隔的名詞之間,可以略去,變成「 a+名詞」接以「 the+名詞」句式。

問: I brought a present to/ for John這一句,介系詞應用 to,配 brought字,還是應用 for,配 present一字?

答:這一句用 to或 for都可以,但意思略有不同, I brought a present to John也可寫作 I brought John a present,意思是「我把一份禮物帶給約翰」, to有「致某人」含義; I brought a present for John則是說「我帶了一份給約翰的禮物」, for表示「要給某人」。

由此可見,介系詞應用 to還是 for,不是由 brought或 present決定,而是看句子意思,即使不用 brought一字, present之後也可以用 to;而即使不用 present一字, brought之後也可以用 for,例如:( 1) It is a present to you from Santa Claus(這是聖誕老人給你的禮物)。( 2) Have you brought enough food for so many people?(你帶的食物,足夠這麼多人吃嗎?)

(古德明)

Wednesday, August 25, 2010

用力打中、頭痛好了

問: He was nailed in the head with a water bottle這一句的 nailed是什麼意思?查字典,似乎沒有合適的解釋。

答:這個 nail是俚語,指「用力擊中」,常見於西洋拳或棒球等比賽的報道,一般字典不會收錄這個用法,例如:( 1) Nailing(= Punching) him squarely on the chin with a left hook, I floored him(我一記左鈎拳正正打中他下巴,把他打倒了)。( 2) He took aim, and, lunging forward, nailed the ball hard(他瞄準,衝前用力把球擊中)。讀者示下那一句,意思就是「他被人用水瓶重重打在頭上」。

問:「我頭痛好多了」英文可不可以說 My headache has got much better?照道理,這說法恐怕不妥當,因為好起來的應是頭痛者,而不是頭痛本身。

答:從病人的立場來說,頭痛減退,就是好起來, My headache has got much better這說法並沒有錯。除了 get better,你還可以用 improve、 ease等字說頭痛減輕,例如:( 1) My headache has eased a lot/ has improved a lot(我頭痛好多了)。( 2) The headache is getting better, and the nausea is gone(頭痛慢慢減退,作嘔感覺也沒有了)。

假如頭痛已完全消失,則可說: My headache has gone/ ceased/disappeared/ passed/cleared off。
有時,好好睡一覺,也可以消除頭痛,這用英文來說就是: Sometimes, you can sleep off a headache。

(古德明)

Tuesday, August 24, 2010

老兄、 at all times和 all the time

問:看電視英語劇集,見劇中人常用 mate這個單字,那是什麼意思,是慣用語嗎?

答: Mate本是「同伴」的意思,所以同班同學、同住一室者、隊友等叫 classmate、 roommate、 teammate。一起關在獄中的囚犯或住在醫院裏的病人,則叫 inmate。後來, mate逐漸用來稱呼相熟或陌生的人,一般是男人,語氣隨便,含意友善,約等於中文的「老兄」,例如:( 1)"Excuse me, where is the post office?" "I don't have any idea, mate. I'm a stranger here too."(「請問郵局在哪裏?」「我不知道,老兄。我也不熟悉這個地方。」)( 2)"How're you getting on, mate?" "Fine, thanks. How're you?"(「老兄,近來怎樣?」「很好,你呢?」)

留意 mate也作 maty或 matey,讀音是 may-ti,但 maty/ matey的語氣不一定友善,有時會帶敵意,例如: Leave her alone, matey. She's my girl(老兄,不要纏着她。她是我女朋友。)

問: All the time和 all times有沒有分別?

答: All times一般會用介系詞 at帶出, at all times即「無論什麼時候都……」; all the time則是「一直」或「常常」的意思,例如:( 1) A mining worker must at all times observe the safety regulations(無論什麼時候,礦工都必須遵守安全規則)。( 2) She cried all the time she was here(她在這裏的時候,哭個不停)。( 3) She is complaining all the time(她常常發牢騷)。

(古德明)

Monday, August 23, 2010

蘋果的故事

Aelia Eudocia, wife of TheodosiusⅡ, East Roman emperor, lived happily till a trifling accident exposed her to her husband's jealousy.

The emperor, it is said, one day sent her an apple of an extraordinary size. She gave it to Paulinus, a good-looking friend of the emperor, whom she respected on account of his learning. Paulinus, not knowing from whom the apple originally came, presented it to the emperor, who soon saw the empress, and asked her what she had done with the apple.

Apprehensive of raising suspicions in her husband, Eudocia very unwisely declared that she had eaten it. Her confusion may easily be conceived when the emperor produced the apple, and indignantly gave vent to his suspicions. He ordered Paulinus to be put to death, and banished Eudocia to Jerusalem, where she died.

依麗亞.歐多西亞是東羅馬皇帝狄奧多西二世的妻子,只因一件小事,引起丈夫妒忌,斷送了幸福生活。

據說,狄奧多西有一天送給妻子一個特大蘋果。她拿去給了波萊納斯:波萊納斯是狄奧多西的朋友,樣子俊美,以其學問獲得歐多西亞敬重。他不知道那蘋果最初來自誰人,還拿去送給狄奧多西。不久,狄奧多西見到皇后,問她把蘋果怎樣了。

歐多西亞一時愚蠢,怕引起丈夫懷疑,就說把蘋果吃了。狄奧多西拿出那個蘋果,怒氣沖沖,講出心中猜疑。歐多西亞當時的狼狽樣子,不難想像。狄奧多西下令把波萊納斯處死,並把歐多西亞放逐到耶路撒冷。歐多西亞後來就在耶路撒冷去世。

(古德明)

Sunday, August 22, 2010

何必再辯?

Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, was one day engaged in a warm argument with a lady. She maintained that eloquence could only be acquired by those who made it their study in early youth, while Cromwell declared that there was no eloquence but that which sprang from the heart.

Some days later, the lady's husband was arrested and conducted to the Tower of London as a traitor to the government. The agonised wife flew to the Lord Protector, threw herself at his feet, and with great eloquence pleaded for her husband's life and innocence. After a while Cromwell's stern countenance relaxed into a smile. Extending to her an immediate liberation of her husband, he said,"I think all who have a witnessed this scene, will vote on my side of the question, in the dispute between us the other day."

有一天,英國監國公奧立佛.克倫威爾和一位女士激辯。那女士堅稱,不是年紀輕輕就研習,不可能雄辯滔滔;克倫威爾則說,言出由中,才能雄辯。

幾天之後,那女士的丈夫被捕,送到倫敦塔,罪名是背叛政府。那女士非常苦惱,跑到監國公跟前,拜倒在他腳下,力言丈夫無罪,為丈夫乞命,滔滔雄辯。

過了一會,克倫威爾緊繃的臉露出笑容。他答應馬上釋放女士的丈夫,並說:「任何人見到剛才的情景,大概都會認為,幾天之前我們辯論的問題,還是我說得對。」

【附注】克倫威爾是英國十七世紀一名出色軍人,廢除帝制,建立共和國,自任監國公。

(古德明)

Saturday, August 21, 2010

At 和 in

問: I arrived in Japan(我來到日本)、 I arrived at Tokyo(我來到東京)二語,一用 in,一用 at,是因為東京比日本小;但 I live in Hong Kong(我住在香港)、 I live in Tuen Mun(我住在屯門)二語,屯門比香港小,為什麼也用 in 而不用 at?

答:說地方,英文一般用 at指某一點,而用 in指較大的場所,例如 at a bus stop(在巴士站)、 in a house(在房子裏)等。屯門之類小鎮,英式英文通常會視為「一點」,例如: There was a terrible traffic jam at Tuen Mun(交通在屯門嚴重阻塞)。不過,小鎮的居民,往往卻會用 in來說「鎮上」,例如: I enjoy living in Tuen Mun(我喜歡住在屯門)。說到底,小鎮名稱應用 in還是 at帶出,沒有嚴格規定。假如你認為屯門不是小鎮,即使不住在當地,也可用 in。美式英文更是不論大城小鎮,一律用 in帶出。

「我來到東京」這一句,英文其實一般會說 I arrived in Tokyo,不用 at。第七版《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》 arrive條下例句可供參考: She'll arrive in New York at noon(她將於正午抵達紐約)。不過,假如把東京、紐約等看作長途旅遊路線上的一點,那麼,一般就會用 at,例如: On its way to Calcutta, the plane refuelled at Tokyo/ New York(飛機飛往加爾各答途中,在東京/紐約加油)。

【代郵】 Miu 724先生:「感恩同行,分享卓越」八字,僕字字認得,但一不知感誰之恩,二不知有何卓越,三不知卓越如何「分享」。英文難寫如此廢話,無法翻譯,請亮察是幸。

(古德明)

Friday, August 20, 2010

總是遲到、羊騷味

問:要說「他總是遲到」,以下哪一句較好:( 1) He is always being late。( 2) He is always late。

答:文法上, He is always being late一語沒有錯,但一般會說 He is always late。假如是學生作文,老師一定刪去 being一字。

Being 通常用來說一時的狀態或行為。例如看見親友下重注賭馬,你可以說: You are being stupid(你這樣做真蠢);看見小孩子淘氣,可以說: You are being naughty today(你今天很不聽話)。 You are stupid、 You are naughty則是說對方生性愚蠢、向來不聽話等,不只是一時的事。

問:羊的騷味,英文怎樣說?

答:英文沒有「騷」的同義詞。 Webster's Third New International Dictionary gamy條下有以下例句: She had a huge brown billy goat... so she was usually pretty gamy herself。「獨立研編而不是譯編」的陸谷孫《英漢大詞典》照抄了這一句,只略去 huge brown二字,譯編如下:「她有一頭公山羊,因此她身上常帶膻氣。」但 gamy其實不專指「膻氣」或羊臊氣。英文叫獵物做 game,是不可數名詞( uncountable noun),沒有複數形式,例如: He went to hunt game in the forest(他去森林打獵)。 Gamy或 gamey(讀作 gaymee)就是指獵物的濃烈氣味,特別是獵物之肉儲存過久的氣味。第七版《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》把 gamey譯做「有膻味的」,其實沒有第四版的翻譯那麼恰當:「(指肉)(野味經長久保存)氣味強烈的」。

要不褒不貶談「羊肉騷味」,英文只能說 the smell of mutton,把「騷」的意思寓於不言之中。

(古德明)

Thursday, August 19, 2010

「價格以電腦為準」

問:一些商店收銀機前有以下告示:「 Prices will be subject to record of our company system價格以本公司電腦系統資料為準。」 Subject是不是應改為 subjected?

答: Prices will be subject to record of our company system這一句,根本不是「價格以本公司電腦系統資料為準」的意思。勉強解釋,句子似乎是說「我們公司的電腦系統會把價格記錄下來」,但這解釋並不合理,因為價格本已存於電腦之中。

也許,那告示想說的是「貨架所標價錢,假如和電腦系統紀錄不同,將按電腦紀錄收錢」。英文說法應是: Customers will always be charged the price recorded in our computer system for an item, regardless of its marked price/ shelf price。

至於 to be subject to和 to be subjected to,意思、讀音都不同。 To be subject to的 subject是形容詞,重音( stress)在第一個音節( syllable),意思是「可能或容易受到」或「必須獲得」,例如:( 1) She is subject to frequent colds(她常常患感冒)( 2) The sale is subject to the board of directors' approval(這宗買賣必須獲得董事局批准,才可成事)。

To be subjected to的 subjected是動詞,重音在第二個音節,意思是「使……遭受」,例如:( 1) Her ill health subjected her to frequent colds(她健康欠佳,使她常患感冒)。( 2) The patient was subjected to several tests(病人接受了幾個測試)。

(古德明)

Wednesday, August 18, 2010

看似、「已死」和「注定敗亡」

問: Look和 look like有什麼分別?

答: Look like指「樣子看來和……相像」或「看來似乎會」,其後用名詞,例如:( 1) He looks like his father(他樣子和父親相似)。( 2) It looks like rain/ a busy week(看來會下雨/這個星期看來會很忙)。

Look 則有「看來顯得」的意思,其後用形容詞或名詞都可以,例如:( 1) Are you feeling OK? You look white around the gills(你面色蒼白,感到不舒服嗎?)( 2) His house looked a mess(他的房子看來凌亂得很)。

又 look和 look like都可解作「看來似是」,其後用名詞,例如:( 1) He looks( like) an honest man(他看來很誠實)。( 2) It looks( like) an interesting place(那地方看來很有趣)。

Look as if/ as though和 look like也都可以帶出子句( clause),意思是「似乎」,但 look like的這個用法,語氣較為隨便,有人甚至視為不正確,例如: She looked as if/ looked like she had seen a ghost(她一臉驚惶,似乎見了鬼)。

此外, look之後可用「 to+原形動詞」,意思是「看來」,例如: He looked to be no more than five years old(他看來不過五歲)。這個 looked不可改為 looked like。

問: Hong Kong is dead和 Hong Kong is doomed有分別嗎?

答: To be dead是「死了」, to be doomed則是「在劫難逃」或「判定了要遭厄運」,例如:( 1) He is dead(他死了)。( 2) He is doomed to death(他被判了死刑)。 Hong Kong is doomed是說「香港在劫難逃」, Hong Kong is dead則是說「香港已死」。

(古德明)

Tuesday, August 17, 2010

之外、除了、考慮

問: Outside和 Outside of有什麼分別?

答: Outside和 Outside of並不完全相同。說「在……之外」, outside是正式說法,例如:( 1) We live outside the city(我們住在城外)。( 2) He did not know how to handle the situation. It was outside his experience(這樣的情況,他沒有經歷過,不知道怎樣處理)。

Outside of是較隨便的說法,多見於口頭,一般是「除了」的意思,例如:( 1) Outside of comic books, he reads very little(除了連環圖畫,他很少看書)。( 2) Outside of her secretarial work, she has to perform some administrative duties(除了秘書的工作,她還要做些行政事務)。

問: Consider(考慮)的主詞( subject),可不可以不是一個人?例如要寫信請某機構考慮我的意見,可不可說 I hope your organisation would consider my views?

答:由人組成的任何機構,都會做人可以做的事,請看 Macmillan Contemporary Dictionary school字和第三版《朗文當代高級辭典》 review字例句:( 1) The whole school was talking about the new library(全校都在談新的圖書館)。( 2) The committee is revewing its decision(委員會正檢討其決定)。不過,讀者那一句,其實用 you字就可以,不必說 your organisation。

又 hope之後的子句,一般不用「 would+原形動詞( infinitive)」,那原形動詞之前習慣用 will。第四版《朗文當代高級辭典》 hope字條就說: Do not say that you"hope something would happen". Say that you"hope something will happen"。讀者那一句的 would最好改為 will。

(古德明)

Monday, August 16, 2010

但有進,不有退

In Britain's war with France, previous to the Revolution in that country, an English drummer, not more than 15 years of age, wandered from his camp too near the French lines. He was seized, and brought before the French commander.

The commander asked who he was. He answered,"A drummer in the English service." Unconvinced, the commander sent for a drum, and asked him to beat a couple of marches, which he accordingly did.

The commander's suspicion being not quite removed, he desired the drummer to beat a retreat."A retreat, sir?" replied the youthful Briton."I don't know what that is."
This answer so pleased the commander that he dismissed the drummer, and wrote to his general, commending his spirited behaviour.

法國大革命之前,英法兩國交戰,英軍一名不過十五歲鼓手離營,不慎走近法軍陣地,被抓到法軍指揮官帳下。

指揮官問他是誰。他回答:「我是英軍鼓手。」指揮官不相信,叫人拿個鼓來,請他打兩首進行曲。鼓手就打給他聽。

指揮官還是有點疑心,再請他打撤退鼓。那年輕英國人回答:「先生說撤退?我不知道那是什麼。」
指揮官很喜歡這答覆,把鼓手放了,還寫信給英軍將領,稱許那鼓手的猛氣英風。

【附注】 Beat a retreat即「鳴金收兵」,現在常引伸解作「逃走」或「退卻」,例如: When the ladies started discussing fashion, I beat a hasty retreat(眾女士開始談時裝,我連忙退避三舍)。

(古德明)

Sunday, August 15, 2010

兄弟爭死

When Augustus, the first emperor of Rome, had taken the prince of Cappadocia in war together with his wife and children, he led them to Rome in triumph. He gave orders that the father and the elder of the brothers should be slain.

The ministers of execution, on coming to the place of confinement, inquired which was the elder. On this, there arose an earnest contention between the two young princes, each of them affirming himself to be the elder. When they had continued this heroic and fraternal emulation for some time, the afflicted mother with much difficulty prevailed on her elder son that he would permit his brother to die in his stead.

When Augustus was told of this, he regretted his severity, and gave an honourable support to the mother and her son.

羅馬第一任皇帝奧古斯都在沙場上俘虜了卡帕多其亞的君主和他妻子兒女,帶着他們,奏凱回到羅馬,下令把他和他長子處死。

負責行刑者來到囚室,問誰是長子。兩位年輕王子馬上激烈爭辯起來,都說自己是兄長。這對勇敢友愛的兄弟爭執多時,最後,苦惱的母親好不容易說服了長子,讓弟弟代他受死。

奧古斯都聽到這件事,後悔自己不仁,並為那母親和她兒子供給體面的生活所需。

【附注】卡帕多其亞位在今日土耳其中部。

Minister一字,解作「執行者」,是舊式英文用法,但這用法偶然還會看到,例如: Ariel calls himself"a minister of fate"(愛麗兒自稱是「命運的執行者」)。

(古德明)

Saturday, August 14, 2010

關係代名詞,更正錯誤

問:貴欄日前有以下一句: An iron cage was made, into which Bajazid was thrust(鐵籠做好之後,巴耶塞特被推進去)。 Which、 who等關係代名詞( relative pronoun),不是應緊接所代表的名詞嗎?然則貴欄那一句,是不是應改寫如下: An iron cage, into which Bajazid was thrust, was made?

答:讀者把 was made二字置於句末,似乎鐵籠還未做好,先把巴耶塞特推進去,這恐怕不大好。關係代名詞固然多緊接所代表的名詞,但必要時相隔幾個字也無妨。例如 Animal Farm第五章就有以下一句: She was between the shafts of a smart dogcart painted red and black, which was standing outside a public-house(酒館外停着一輛漂亮的紅黑兩色馬車,她站在左右車轅之間)。句中的 which,代表的當然是 dogcart,而不是 red and black。

問:我日前打字錯打了檔案號碼,要更正,以下一句應用 was還是 has been: Due to typo error, the file reference number was/ has been stated at 123, which should be 122 instead(由於打字錯誤,檔案號碼本應是一二二,卻寫作一二三)。

答:號碼既是日前打錯的,雖然到現在才改正,但還是應該用過去式動詞 was。留意 typo是 typographical error(排印或打字錯誤)的俗寫, typo error這寫法未免畫蛇添足,改為簡單而正式的 typing error會好一點。此外,讀者那一句文法有點錯誤,謹改正如下: Because of a typing error, the file reference number was stated to be 123, while it should be 122。

(古德明)

Friday, August 13, 2010

不如說是、有人坐嗎?

問: China's recent labour unrest is less a sign of instability than a country moving towards a very different future這一句,下半截即 less a sign開始的文法結構是怎樣的?

答: More/ less a... than a...這句式,有「與其說是……,不如說是……」的意思,例如:( 1) He is more a dreamer than a revolutionary(他與其說是革命家,不如說是夢想者)。( 2) The book is less an account of the murder than a vindication of it(這本書的重點在於為那宗謀殺案辯護,而不是敍述案件的經過)。

讀者示下那一句, than之後略去了重複的 a sign of三字。全句是說:「中國最近的工人運動,與其說是反映社會不穩定,不如說是反映中國正走向一個遽變的未來。」

問:要問人家「這個座位有沒有人坐」,可不可以說 Is this seat empty?

答:英文一般的說法是 Is this seat free/ taken/ occupied?或 Is anyone/ someone sitting here?例如:( 1)"Excuse me, is this seat free?" "No, I'm sorry, someone's sitting here."(「請問這座位有沒有人坐?」「有,有人坐的,對不起。」)( 2)"Is this seat taken?" "No, it's free."(「這座位有沒有人坐?」「沒有。」)

Is this seat empty?這說法當然也可以,但較少人說。英文有個「女郎拒絕陌生漢搭訕」的笑話:"Is this seat empty?" "Yes, and mine will be if you sit down."(「這個座位有人坐嗎?」「沒有。要是你坐下來,我的座位也會沒有人坐。」)

(古德明)

Thursday, August 12, 2010

打我的臉、同不同意

問: He beat my face和 He beat me on my face這兩句,有什麼分別?

答:英文在 hit/ beat/ strike somebody(打某人)、 shake somebody(搖動某人)、 hold somebody(抓住某人)等等之後,常用介系詞( preposition)帶出打、搖動、抓住身體某部分,而那部分一般用 the字帶出,不用 his、 my等,例如:( 1) They shook each other's hands/ They shook each other by the hand(他們握手)。( 2) The thug hit her head with a brick/ The thug hit her on the head with a brick(那惡棍持磚打她的頭)。

He beat my face和 He beat me on the face都是說「他打我的臉」,意思沒有分別,但 He beat me on the face這句法較為常見。

問: I can't agree any more、 I can't agree more、 I can't agree no more這三句,文法都正確嗎?意思有什麼分別?

答: Not... any more是「再也不」的意思,等於 no more,例如: I won't see him any more/ I will see him no more(我不會再見他)。 I can't agree any more即「我再也不能同意」。

Couldn't agree more或 couldn't agree less則是成語,意思是「完全同意」或「完全不同意」,習慣用假設語氣的 couldn't而不用 can't,例如: Yes, I couldn't agree with you more(不錯,我完全同意你的看法)。

I can't agree no more這一句,文法上犯了雙重否定( double negative)的錯誤,意思應等於 I couldn't agree more。

(古德明)

Wednesday, August 11, 2010

被動語態問題

問: Hong Kong bills itself as a shopper's paradise, a term that implies that great deals can be had這一句的 can be had是什麼意思,什麼句法?

答: Great deals can be had只是普通被動語態( passive voice),改用主動語態( active voice),可寫作 Consumers can have great deals。讀者大概是不習慣用 have作全動詞( full verb),所以覺得奇怪;原句假如用 secured、 clinched等動詞取代 had,意思應該就不會有人不明白:「香港自稱為購物者天堂,是說購物可以很合算。」

除了 can be had,你還可以說 must be had、 may be had等,例如: The necessary tools must be had(= We must have the necessary tools) if we are to do the job well(要把工作做好,我們一定要有所需工具)。

問: The government of South Korea backed off from the announcement it made on 7 May這一句,那 it字代表什麼?可以刪去嗎?

答:這個 it當然是指 government,但把這 it字略去也可以。假如不用省略法,那麼,句子的主動和被動語態寫法如下: The government of South Korea back off from the announcement( which) it made on 7 May/ the announcement( which was) made on 7 May(南韓政府不再堅持五月七日發表的聲明)。留意主動語態的關係代名詞( relative pronoun),用在兩個名詞或代名詞之間,可以略去;被動語態的關係代名詞,假如略去,則其後的 is、 were等輔助動詞也應略去。

(古德明)

Tuesday, August 10, 2010

不遵常規、本應如此

問: We received a torrent of questions from readers, who courageously described their various phobias, foibles, and out-there habits這一句, out-there habits是什麼意思?

答: Out there是美國俗語,意思是「不遵循一般規範的」,例如:( 1) His ethical values are rather out there(他的道德觀和一般人很不同)。( 2) Her parents take exception to her out-there dressing style, which is very seductive(她的衣着十分性感,不遵常規,令父母很不高興)。

讀者示下那一句,意思就是:「讀者的問題,如雪片飛來,大膽講出他們不合常理的恐懼、怪癖、與人不同的習慣等。」

問: Christmas is near and we have snow, which is as it should be這一句, snow之後的關係子句( relative clause)說的是什麼?

答:關係代名詞( relative pronoun) which可以指前文整個子句所說的事,例如: Tom loves her, which is surprising, for she does not appear to be his type(湯姆愛她,這很奇怪,因為她似乎不是湯姆喜歡的那種人)。讀者說的那一句, which就是指 we have snow這回事,謹翻譯如下:「聖誕節快要降臨,下起雪來。聖誕節本來就應該有雪。」

Something is as it should be是「某事本應如此」的意思。這裏再舉一例: The restaurant's kitchen is always clean and tidy. That is as it should be(那家餐廳的廚房總是收拾得十分整潔。餐廳廚房是應該這樣的)。

(古德明)

Monday, August 9, 2010

故國遙看未敢回

In January 330, Alexander the Great reached the capital of the Persian Empire, where he found 4000 Greeks, who had been made prisoners by the Persians. The hands and feet of some of them, and the noses and ears of others, had been cut off, and their faces branded with hot irons. Alexander assured them that they should again see their families and native country.

"Alas!" answered they,"how will it be possible for us to appear before all Greece in this dreadful condition? The best way to bear misery is to conceal it." They entreated that they might be permitted to end their days among those accustomed to their misfortunes. Alexander therefore gave to each of them 3000 drachmas, two couple of oxen to plough with, and a quantity of corn to sow. He also commanded the governor of the province to protect them.

公元三三○年一月,亞歷山大大帝來到波斯帝國的首都,看見四千個遭波斯俘虜的希臘人,其中一些人被斬去了手腳,其餘的則被割去了耳鼻,面孔也用烙鐵燒了印記。亞歷山大告訴他們說,會讓他們重返故國再見家人。

眾俘虜回答說:「唉,我們這樣悽慘,在所有希臘人面前,怎能現身?忍受苦痛,最好的辦法,是把苦痛隱藏。」他們希望在慣見其慘狀的人之中,度過殘生,請亞歷山大答應這要求。亞歷山大於是給他們每個人三千德拉克馬銀幣,並各給四隻牛和一些穀粒,以供耕種。他還命令行省總督好好保護這四千人。

(古德明)

Sunday, August 8, 2010

主教的仁心

In the year 420, during the war between the Eastern Roman Empire and Persia, 7000 Persians were brought prisoners to Amida, where they suffered extreme want.

Seeing this, Acacius, Bishop of Amida, assembled his clergy. He observed that as God had said,"I love mercy better than sacrifice," he would be better pleased with the relief of the prisoners than with being served with gold and silver. The clergy agreed. The consecrated vessels were sold, and with the proceeds the prisoners were maintained and, at the conclusion of the war, sent home. The Persian monarch was charmed with this humane action. He invited Acacius to his capital, where he received him with the utmost reverence, and for his sake conferred many favours on the Christians.

公元四二○年,東羅馬帝國和波斯戰爭期間,七千波斯人被俘,送到阿米達。他們缺乏供給,困苦不堪。

阿米達主教阿卡西烏斯見到這情況,召集當地教士,指出上帝曾說「我愛慈悲多於祭品」,因此,救濟那些俘虜,比用金器銀器供奉上帝,更能使上帝高興。教士都同意這觀點。他們把禮拜用的器皿賣掉,以所得供七千俘虜溫飽,並於戰爭結束後送他們回國。波斯王深受這仁愛感動,邀請阿卡西烏斯到波斯國都,優禮異常,還看他分上,對基督徒多所恩賜。

〔附注〕售賣東西或舉辦活動所得金錢,叫 proceeds,必須用複數形式。

(古德明)

Saturday, August 7, 2010

聯合國兒童權利公約

問:一本介紹聯合國兒童權利公約的小冊子說: Every child should have their own name and belong to a country(兒童都應有自己的姓名、國籍)。單數的 every child為什麼配複數代名詞 their?而複數的 their之後為什麼又用單數的 name?

答:從前, everybody、 every child、 nobody等單數名詞,會配 he、 him等單數代名詞,以 he等兼指男女。但是,現在女權勃興,往往以上述傳統寫法為「舊社會歧視女性」的殘餘,於是有 he or she、 him or her這樣的「男女平等」寫法。但這寫法讀起來很累贅,一般人索性就用 they、 them等作 everybody等的代名詞,算是「不分男女的單數詞語( singular unisex words)」,例如: Everybody took their seat(人人都就座了)。假如不用單數的 everybody,改用複數的 people,則 seat通常也會用複數形式: People took their seats。

「不分男女的文法( unisex grammar)」,即使名作家都會用,例如蕭伯納( Bernard Shaw)有以下一句: Nobody would ever marry if they thought it over(要是事前想清楚,誰都不會結婚)。

問:「聯合國兒童權利公約」英文叫 The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child。按 child並不是指某個孩子,為什麼冠以 the?

答:英文常用「 the+單數名詞」,指那名詞說的那一類人、物,例如成語 An apple a day keeps the doctor away(一日一蘋果,醫生遠離我), the doctor泛指所有醫生。同樣, the rights of the child泛指所有兒童的權利,改為 the rights of children也無不可。

(古德明)

Friday, August 6, 2010

還記否?螺絲「滑牙」

問: Remember(記得)、 know(知道)等關乎認知的動詞,假如用過去時式,會不會有「現在已非如此」含義?例如 I remembered his telephone number(我記得他的電話號碼)一語,是不是說現在已經不記得?

答:過去式動詞只表示「過去如此」,卻沒有「現在不是如此」的意思。例如你談到昨天碰見某人: I had met him only once, and just remembered his name(我以前只見過他一次,僅僅記得他的名字)。這並不是說你今天就不記得他的名字了。

當然,過去記得或不記得、知道或不知道,現在都可能不同。所以,英文偶然會過去和現在時式並用,表示過去如此,現在如彼,例如美國 Arcade出版社出版的 Family Sayings有以下一句: I never knew, and I still do not know, what Terni, Paola and Mario used to whisper about(我始終不知道,現在仍然不知道,泰爾尼、保拉、馬里奧當時常常低聲私語,談的是什麼)。假如從前不知道,現在則知道,那可以這樣說: I never knew, though I know now, what they used to whisper about。

問:廣東話所謂「螺絲滑牙」,英文怎麼說?

答:「螺絲滑牙」,即螺絲扣勩了。這「滑牙」英文叫 strip,例如: Make sure that you don't use a wrong size screwdriver, or the screw may get stripped(切勿用不合大小的螺絲鑽,否則螺絲可能「滑牙」)。

螺絲的紋叫 thread。螺紋磨掉了,英文可以說: The thread is gone。

(古德明)

Thursday, August 5, 2010

親戚、急不可待

問: Kin和 relative都是指「親戚」,意思有分別嗎?

答:血緣或婚姻上的親戚,都可以叫 kin或 relative,但 kin多見於舊式英文,是個複數名詞,指「眾親戚」;「一個親戚」是 a relative,不可說 a kin,例如:( 1) He liked his aunt, but not his other kin/ relatives(他喜歡姑母,卻不喜歡其他親戚)。( 2) He did not invite a single relative to his wedding(他沒有邀請任何一個親戚出席他的婚禮)。

此外, kin還可以指「同族(而沒有親戚關係)的人」, relative卻不可以,例如: The Indians hated the whites for killing their kin and plundering their land(印第安人恨白人,因為白人殺他們族人,掠他們土地)。

問:英文有沒有 I can't wait for learning from you soon這樣的說法?意思是不是「我等不及向你學習」?

答: Can't wait或 can hardly wait不是「等不及」,而是「急不可待」或「熱切盼望(某些事、物)」的意思,例如:( 1) I can't wait to see him(我急不可待想見他)。( 2) I can't wait for your next letter(我盼望收到你下一封信)。讀者示下那一句,由於沒有上下文,無法斷定是什麼意思。假如是說「我熱切期望向你學習」,較自然的說法是 I can't wait to learn from you,那 soon字應刪去;假如要保留 soon字,則宜用 look forward to代替 can't wait: I look forward to learning from you soon。

【代郵】慶文先生:僕九月起將於《明報月刊》撰寫專欄論英文為骨之現代漢語,日後或可編輯成書,謹覆。

(古德明)

Wednesday, August 4, 2010

介系詞+關係代名詞

問: In which、 of which、 from which三個說法,意思有什麼分別?怎樣使用?

答:這是介系詞( preposition)和關係代名詞( relative pronoun)合用的問題,類似說法還有 about/ over/ to which、 in/ to/ from whom等等。介系詞和關係代名詞合用的方法,簡單得很。請看以下句子:( 1) This is the house. He once lived in it(這棟房子,他曾經居住)。( 2) We visited Dartmoor Prison. Escape from this prison is said to be very difficult(我們參觀達特木爾監獄。據說,要逃出這個監獄十分困難)。( 3) I examined his invention. The ingenuity of it was admirable(我細看他的發明,精巧得令人歎服)。( 4) The orphans were taken good care of by an old woman. They grew very attached to her(那些孤兒獲一位老婦人悉心照顧,對她十分愛慕)。

關係代名詞可以取代名詞或代名詞,並把句子接連起來。接連的時候,假如被取代的名詞、代名詞之前有介系詞,那麼,這介系詞也會用在關係代名詞之前。例如:( 1) This is the house in which he once lived。( 2) We visited Dartmoor Prison, from which escape is said to be very difficult。( 3) I examined his invention, the ingenuity of which was admirable。( 4) The orphans were taken good care of by an old woman, to whom they grew very attached。留意這四句和前文那八句文法結構的同異,你自然就能掌握 in which等等的意思和用法。

(古德明)

Tuesday, August 3, 2010

應感羞愧、向人提議

問:我修讀一個英文課程,曾打電話給老師請假,那美國人說: Shame on you,那是不是罵人話,和 What a shame一樣?

答: What a shame或 It is a shame只是「真可惜」的意思, shame字改為 pity也可以,例如: What a shame that you weren't there(你當時不在場,真可惜)。

Shame on you則是「你應感到羞愧」的意思,不一定是罵人話,要看說話語氣而定,例如:( 1) What, you didn't take the opportunity to date her? Shame on you!(什麼,你沒有乘機約她外出?真不成器!)( 2) You betrayed us to get promotion. Shame on you!(你出賣我們,以求升遷,真是可恥)。第一句的 shame on you是戲語,第二句則當然是責備。

問: He suggested to Washington that he become the king of the United States(他向華盛頓提議,由華盛頓做美國國王)這一句,文法正確嗎?查網上資料,「向某人建議」英文是 to suggest someone,不可說 to suggest to someone,例如 I suggest you that close the window(我提議你把窗關上)。

答:網上資料不可輕信, He suggested to Washington這說法也沒有錯。「向某人建議」絕對不可說 to suggest someone。第七版《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》 suggest條下就特別注明, Can you suggest me a good dictionary?(你可以介紹一本好字典給我嗎?)這說法並不正確。要更正,這一句應改為 Can you suggest a good dictionary to me?讀者所說見於網上那一句,也應改正如下: I suggest that you( should) close the window。

(古德明)

Monday, August 2, 2010

美人計

There was in Persia in the fifth century a king called Cavades. When he was deposed and imprisoned by his subjects, his queen, who alone remained attached to him, never failed to bring him necessaries with her own hands, though she was not permitted to see him.

One day, the queen noticed that the jailer appeared captivated by her beauty, and she soothed him so far as to be allowed access to her husband. Her visits were at length premitted to take place free from observation, and one evening she changed clothes with her husband. Thus disguised, Cavades stole out of the prison. He fled to the king of the Euthalites, by whose assistance he was afterwards restored to his throne and kingdom.

五世紀波斯有個國王叫卡瓦德斯。他被臣下推翻了,繫在獄中,只有王后依舊忠於他,雖然不獲准和他見面,卻總是親自給他送必需品。

有一天,王后發覺獄卒似乎被她美色所迷,就致力討好這獄卒,終於獲許見丈夫。後來,她甚至可以在沒有看守之下探監。一天晚上,她和丈夫更換衣服。卡瓦德斯男扮女裝,溜出監獄,逃去投靠優泰萊特人的國王,獲他協助,最後奪回王位和國家。

【附注】 At length兩字連用,可以解作「終於」或「最後」,也可解作「詳細地」,例如:( 1) We waited for hours and hours. At length he arrived(我們等了好幾小時,他終於來了)。( 2) He spoke at length about the matter(他詳細談到這件事)。

(古德明)

Sunday, August 1, 2010

敗者為獸

In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur, a descendant of Genghis Khan, defeated Bajazid, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and took him prisoner. He gave Bajazid a very civil reception at first, and asked,"Now, tell me truly what you would have done with me, had I fallen into your power?"

Bajazid is said to have replied,"I would have enclosed you in an iron cage, and carried you about as a spectacle of derision to the world."

Timur said,"Then, proud man, as you would have done to me, even so shall I do to you." An iron cage was made, into which Bajazid was thrust, and he was carried along in Timur's train like a wild beast for nearly three years until, despairing of obtaining his freedom, he struck his head with such violence against the bars of the cage, as to put an end to his wretched life.

一四○二年,成吉思汗後人帖木兒在安哥拉一戰之中,打敗並活捉了鄂圖曼帝國的蘇丹巴耶塞特。他接見巴耶塞特時,最初很客氣,問道:「要是我落在你手上,你會怎樣對我?老實告訴我吧。」

據說,巴耶塞特的回答是:「我會把你關進鐵籠裏,帶在身旁,供世人取笑。」

帖木兒說:「你真狂妄。既然你會這樣對待我,我就照樣對待你好了。」他叫人造了個鐵籠,把巴耶塞特推進去。巴耶塞特像野獸一樣,被帶在帖木兒的隨從之中,過了將近三年。最後,他自覺沒有機會恢復自由,用力把頭撞在籠子的鐵條上,結束了悲慘的生涯。

(古德明)